14. 수동태 (the passive voice)

 수동태 (the Passive Voice)                                                                                                                    

 

피동(被動) passivity : ① 남의 힘에 의해 움직이는 일.

                                 ② <언어>주체가 다른 힘에 의해 움직이는 동사의 성질《안기다·먹히다 따위》↔ 능동(能動)

수동(受動) passivity : 스스로 움직이지 않고 다른 것의 작용을 받아서 움직임 ↔ 능동(能動)

           *passive [pǽsiv] ɑ.  ① 수동의, 수동적인, 수세의; 〖문법〗 수동의   ⟨OPP⟩ active

                                                  the passive voice 〖문법〗 수동태

                                          ② 무저항의, 거역하지 않는, 순종하는

                                                  a passive disposition 소극적인 성질

                                          ③ 활동적이 아닌, 활기가 없는; 반응이 없는

                                                  In spite of every encouragement the boy remained passive.

                                                      아무리 고무해 줘도 소년은 도무지 해볼 마음이 생기지 않았다.

                                                   ④〖化〗화합하기 어려운; 〖醫〗 수동(受動)의, 비활성(非活性)의;

                                                       〖空〗발동기를 쓰지 않는;〖法·經〗무이자의; (태양열) 단순 이용의《sunroom 따위》

                                                  passive state 〖化〗 부동태(不動態)

                                                  passive bond 〔debt〕 무이자 공채〔부채〕

                                      n. (the passive) 〖문법〗 수동태(pássive vóice), 수동형, 수동 구문; 수동적인 사람〔것〕

                                      ㉺ passively ɑd. 피동(被動)적으로; 〖문법〗 수동태로    passiveness n.

 

optimistic [ὰptəmístik] 1. 낙관적인  2. 긍정적인

pessimistic [pèsəmístik] 1. 비관적인 2. 회의적인

 

negative [négətiv]  1. 부정의  2. 음성의  3. 마이너스의  4. 반대의  5. 네거티브

positive [pάzətiv] 1. 긍정적인  2. 확신있는  3. 양성의  4. 적극적인  5. 확실한

 

active [ǽktiv] 1. 능동적인  2. 활동적인  3. 적극적인  4. 활발한  5. 현역의

passive [pǽsiv] ɑ.  ① 수동의, 수동적인, 수세의; 〖문법〗 수동의   

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

수동태 (the passive voice)

 1. They love her.

     ➡ She is loved by them.

 

 2. He opens the door.

      ➡                                                                                                           

 

 3. He wrote the letter.

      ➡                                                                                                           

                                                                               

 4. She will finish the work.

      ➡                                                                                                           

 

 5. He has finished the work.

      ➡                                                                                                           

 

 6. He didn't write this letter.

      ➡                                                                                                           

 

 7. He does not write poem.

      ➡                                                                                                           

 

 8. Does your mother clean it?

      ➡                                                                                                           

 

 9. Did he send a postcard?

      ➡                                                                                                           

 

10. They speak English in America.

       ➡                                                                                                           

 

11. Someone killed him in the war.

       ➡                                                                                                           

 

12. Tom invited me to Tom's birthday party.

       ➡                                                                                                           

 

13. He gave me a pen. ⇨ He gave a pen to me.

       ➡                                                                                                           

       ➡                                                                                                           

 

14. Her friend sent her the book.  ⇨  Her friend sent the book to her.                                                     

       ➡                                                                                                           

       ➡                                                                                                           

 

15. She wrote him a letter.  ➡ She wrote a letter to him.      ▷ write, buy, make, sell, read, sing, ┅

      ➡ A letter was written (to) him by her.

      ➡ He was written a letter by her. (×)

 

16. They call him Tom.

       ➡                                                                                                           

 

17. His father named her Judy.

       ➡                                                                                                           

 

18. I saw him enter the room. (사역동사)

      ➡ He was seen to enter the room by me.

 

 

19. Mother made us work hard. (지각동사)

       ➡                                                                                                           

 

※ 능동문장에서 주어가 수동문장에서 보통 문장 맨 뒤에 ‘by + 목적격’으로 바뀌나, ‘동사 surprise, by대신 at을 쓰고 동사 please는 with를 쓴다.

20. The news surprised her.

      ➡ She was surprised by the news. ⇒ She was surprised at the news.

 

21. They pleased her.

       ➡                                                                                                           

 

22. They covered the dog with cloth.

       ➡                                                                                                           

 

23. They filled the bottle with water.

       ➡                                                                                                           

 

24. They knew the news to everyone.

       ➡                                                                                                           

 

25. They filled the bottle with water.

       ➡                                                                                                           

 

     They base taxation on [upon] income (수입을 기초로 과세하다.)

       ➡                                                                                                           

 

     We base his view of life on his long experience.

       ➡                                                                                                           

                 (그의 인생관은 오랜 경험에 근거한다. - 오랜 경험을 바탕으로 한다.)

 

26. The car ran over a man.

       ➡                                                                                                           

 

※  send for, attend to, add to

     pay attention to, look into, listen to

     looked up to (=respect, esteem), look down upon (=despise)

     do away with (=abolish)

     put up with (=endure, tolerate),

     account for ┅ (┅을 설명하다, ┅의 이유를 밝히다)

     speak well of (=praise), speak ill of (=abuse), speak to

     pay attention to, find fault with

     make much of ┅ (┅을 중시하다)

     make fun of

 

27. He laughed at me.

      ➡ I was laughed at by him.

 

28. Nancy took care of the children.

       ➡                                                                                                           

 

29. You should do away with that sort of thing.

       ➡                                                                                                           

 

30. You should not look down upon the poor.

       ➡                                                                                                           

 

31. They speak well of Mary.

      ➡ Mary is spoken well of (by them).

      ➡ Mary is well spoken of (by them). (일반적임)

 

32. Even his friends can't put up with his rudeness.

       ➡                                                                                                           

 

33. They took good care of the child.

      ➡ The child was taken good care of (by them).

      ➡ Good care was taken of the child (by them). (드물게 쓰임)

 

※  의문대명사

34. Who wrote the book?

       ➡                                                                                                           

 

35. Whom does he meet?

       ➡                                                                                                           

 

36. What did he make yesterday?

       ➡                                                                                                           

 

37. Who takes care of your younger sister?

       ➡                                                                                                           

 

※  명령문

38. Open the door.

       ➡                                                                                                           

 

39. Don't open the door.

       ➡                                                                                                           

       ➡                                                                                                           

 

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

40. 다음 문장을 수동태로 전환하시오.

     1) He paints the beautiful picture.

           ➡

 

    2) My brother will use this computer tonight.

          ➡

 

    3) Did Jane break the vase?

          ➡

 

    4) Father made a wooden box.

          ➡

 

    5) Some thing covered the mountain with much snow

          ➡

 

    6) People speak English in Australia.

          ➡

 

    7) They sell toothpaste at the supermarket.

          ➡

 

    8) We don't clean the blackboard.

          ➡

 

    9) My sister looked after my hamster while I was away.

        ➡ My hamster was looked after by my sister while I was away.

 

  10) She laughed at me.

         ➡

 

  11) People say that Mary has little sense of humor.

       ➡ That Mary has little sense of humor is said (by people).

       ➡ It is said (by people) that Mary has little sense of humor.

       ➡ Mary is said to have little sense of humor.

 

  12) They say that the wanted man is living in New York.

         ➡

         ➡

         ➡

 

  13. They say that the Pyramids were made by aliens.

         ➡

         ➡

         ➡

 

41. 다음의 문장을 수동태로 고치고 그 수동태에 대한 부정문, 의문문을 써라.

     1) Jane cut the cake.

          ➡

          ➡

          ➡

 

     2) She sings a beautiful song.

          ➡

          ➡

          ➡

 

    3) He must do the work at once.

         ➡

         ➡

         ➡

 

    4) They elected him chairman.

        ➡

        ➡

        ➡

 

42. 다음의 문장을 괄호의 지시대로 해 보라.

     He writes the books.

     (현재완료) ➡

     (현재완료의 수동태) ➡

     (현재완료 수동태의 의문문) ➡

     (현재완료 수동태의 부정문) ➡

 

 

43. 수동태 문장이 되도록 빈칸을 채우시오.

     1) They eat rice in China.

           ➡  

     2) He took care of these children.

           ➡ 

 

44. 다음 문장을 수동태로 만들어라.

     1) The lady asked us to push the car.

           ➡

     2) I heard her come downstairs.

           ➡

     3) Father made us repair the bicycle.

           ➡

 

45. 빈칸에 알맞은 말을 넣으시오.

     1) The park is covered flowers.

     2) She was surprised the letter.

     3) They are interested history.

     4) Lucy was pleased the present.

     5) His name is known all the people in the world. (∼에게 알려져 있다)

     6) He is known a famous pop-singer. (∼로 알려져 있다)

     7) He was to all Koreans. (그는 모든 한국인들에게 잘 알려져 있었다.)

     8) I am worried my health.

     9) Your teacher is quite satisfied your work.

   10) He was very disappointed his new secretary.

 

 

46. 다음을 수동태로 변형하세요.

 

     1) Who wrote the book?

           ➡

 

     2) What did he make yesterday?

          ➡

 

     3) Who takes care of your younger sister?

          ➡

 

 Rapid Reading                                              

47. One may wonder if literary fiction is destined to become an old-fashioned genre to be presented in a museum. 

 

48. Many remedies are supposed to stop hiccups, such as scaring the person or having the person hold nose while drinking water. 

 

*suppose [səpóuz] vt. 가정하다(assume), 상상하다 vi. 가정[상상]하다, 추측[생각]하다.

                                  추측하다(guess), 헤아리다, 생각하다.

                                  상정(想定)하다, 전제로 하다, 필요조건으로 하다.

 

49. Evergreen trees never lose their leaves. For that reason these trees are sometimes related with the idea of a life after death. In Italy, evergreens are usually the only kinds of trees that people plant in graveyards 

 

50. Such out-of-date practices should be done away with. 

 

51. New public serve advertisements are currently being aired on national television and cable networks as part of the Ministry of health and Welfare's antismoking campaign.

 

52. For some Americans, however, a long weekend may be spent working at home cleaning, repairing, gardening, or even adding some feature to one's house such as a patio.

         *patio [pǽtiòu] n. (pl. ∼s)【Sp.】파티오(스페인식 집의 안뜰).옥외 테라스

 

53. Smoking in indoor public places is becoming extremely rare in many parts of the world. This is largely due to widespread public awareness of the health hazards caused by smoking itself as well by "secondhand smoke" - smoke inhaled by someone who doesn't smoke. The result of such awareness has been the passage of laws in many states which ban smoking in public places such as hospitals, schools, libraries, and government office buildings. In some states, smoking is also banned in non-government office buildings and restaurants.

 

 

54. The Olympic Games began more than 2000 years ago in Olympia, a small town in Greece. At that time, only Greek men were allowed to compete.

 

55. She has played since the age of six when she was given a clarinet by her grandfather. She plans to go on to become a professional musician.

 

56. Today people eat cheese in almost all the countries of the world. It can be eaten alone, or it may be eaten with bread. It can be melted and added to noodles or vegetables.

 

 

57. The warehouse staff can have a large cargo plane loaded within two hours.

 

58. George was too old to look after himself. He was in a nursing home called AHCI, where a nurse had to feed him. But he didn't like to be fed by her. So she told him that it was very difficult to be with him. But he didn't want to be criticized by her, so he got very angry. She told him to stop shouting, but didn't like being told what to do, either.

 

 

59. The importance of learning English cannot be overemphasized. It is because English is the international language at the moment and will remained so for quite a long time. English, as an international communication tool, does not belong to the native speakers of English any more. It is simply a common tool which all the peoples around the world come to share to communicate with each other. 

 

 

60. A big El Nino occurred during the winter of 1982-1983. It is often referred to as the worst of the century. That powerful El Nino killed nearly 2,000 people and caused $13 billion in damage worldwide. It brought severe drought to Australia and Indonesia, storms to California, and floods to Ecuador and Peru. 

 

*refer to ┅ as ∼ ( ┅의 이름으로 ∼로 부르다, ┅을 ∼로 칭하다)

  I know nothing about what is usually referred to as New Thought.

      (세간에서 말하는 ‘신사상’이라는 것에 나는 아는 바가 없다.)

 

 

61. According to the American National Academy of Sciences, rain forests are being destroyed at the rate of forty hectares a minute, or 20 million hectares a year.

 

 

62. Are organically grown foods the best food choices? The growing interest of consumers in these foods is a welcome sign that people are paying attention to the safety and nutritional quality of their diet. However, the advantages claimed for organic foods over conventionally grown food products are not scientifically supported. He will choose a position about halfway between these two points. The next man to enter will take the largest gap remaining, and sit roughly in the middle of that, and so on, until eventually the latest newcomer will be forced to select a seat that places him right next to one of the men already seated. This is a reflection of the fact that we all carry with us, everywhere we go, a portable territory called a personal space. If people move inside this space, we feel nature of a personal space. If they keep too far outside it, we feel rejected. The result is a subtle series of the adjustments of space, usually operating quite unconsciously and producing ideal compromises as far as this is possible.