25. 특수구문(Miscellaneousnesses)
특수구문(Miscellaneousnesses)
1. 동격 (Apposition)
1)
1. Nelson's ship, the Victory, led the attack.
넬슨의 함선, 빅토리아호가 그 공격의 선두에 섰다.
2. Mr. Brown, an English teacher, lives in the next door.
3. Graham Bell, an American scientist, invented the telephone.
4. What do you think of Mr. Kim, the new principal?
5. We Koreans live on rice.
우리 한국인들은 쌀을 주식으로 한다.
6. He had to give up his favorite pastime - reading.
7. My father, an enthusiastic football fan, attends every game.
2)
8. They are all diligent.
9. You must do your homework yourself.
3)
10. It may help to solve one of mankind's urgent problem: how to increase food production.
그것이 인류의 긴급한 문제 중에 하나를 해결하는데 도움을 줄지 모른다, 즉 어떻게 식량생산을 증가시킬 수 있느냐 하는 것.
11. He has no wish to be rich.
12. He had the kindness to show me the way.
13. He made a promise to take me to the zoo.
cf) I have no time to stay here. (관계부사같은 역할)
14. He has two ambitions; to live in peace and to have good friends.
15. My first plan, to tunnel under the wall, proved a failure.
16. He has but one aim in life, to make money.
4)
17. The question arose who would hang the bell on the cat.
18. The question arose who was to receive him.
5)
19. He went away without a word, an act unimaginable for his age.
20. I am apt to judge my fellow men in comparison with myself, a wrong and foolish thing to do.
21. He tried to save the little girl from drowning at the cost of his life - a heroic act.
22. He forgot to take off his hat - a sure evidence of confusion.
6)
23. Each needs the help of all the others - the carpenter the smith, as much as the smith the carpenter; and both the mason, as much as the mason both.
7) 동격의 명사절
fact + that[의문사] S + V
doubt
evidence
chance
report
rumor
proof
hope
news
certainty
suggestion
idea
possibility
likelihood
conclusion
question
:
24. Is there any possibility that he will have his own way in everything?
25. There is one fact that you may as well face now, namely, that the easiest things are rarely the best for you.
26. I was surprised at the news that he had died.
27. A rumor spread that she was mad.
28. The fact that democracy is, historically speaking, something very recent is known to everybody.
29. The question arose who would hang the bell on the cat.
8)
30. the Special City of Seoul.
31. Rome's Empire.
32. time's fleeting river.
33. He gave up the idea of borrowing money.
34. He lives in a place of a house.
35. The fact of his being honest is known to everybody.
36. Is there any possibility of his passing the exam?
9)
37. I suggest developing your own "humor collection," a collection of book, cartoons, videos, ideas - whatever is funny to you.
2. 도치 (Inversion)
1)
38. What are you reading now?
39. What a beautiful flower this is!
40. May he come back safe and sound! (무사히 돌아오소서! - 기원문)
41. Long live the king!
42. Were I rich, I could buy the car.
43. Had he been more diligent, he would have succeeded.
44. Should anyone call on me, tell him I am out.
45. Did I possess a nice car, I would lend it to you.
46. Were the earth to disappear, he would do his duty.
47. Is she kind, I can employ her. (가정법 현재 - False)
48. Had I known it, I should have told it to you.
2)
49. I don't like him, either.
= Neither do I.
= Nor do I.
= Me, neither.
I like him, too.
= So do I.
= Me, too.
I am not rich, nor do I wish to be.
3) 접속사 'as s + v ∼'가 양보(∼할지라도)의 뜻일 때
50. Woman as she is, she is brave.
51. Coward as he is, he could not bear such an insult.
= Coward though he is, he could not bear such an insult.
= Though he is a coward, he could not bear such an insult.
52. Burdened as he was, he walked very fast.
53. Startled as I was, I didn't lose my balance.
54. Much as I admire your courage, I can not think you acted wisely.
55. Laugh as they would, he maintained the story was true.
56. Poor as she is, she is happy.
4)
57. Go where you will, I will follow you.
= Wherever you may go, I will follow you.
= No matter where you may go, I will follow you.
58. Come what may, I am not afraid.
= Whatever may come, I am not afraid.
5)
59. Be it ever so humble, there is no place like home.
= Let it be ever so humble, there is no place like home.
6)
60. “The remedy,” replied physician, “is simple. I have here an excellent water which I give to most of my patients who suffer from the same complaint.”
“I know nothing of it,” said the man.
“I didn't set my goal on 1,000 restaurants or even ten,” he says. “I just worked hard to make one restaurant successful, then another, one step at a time. Too often people make a difficult plan, then give up. Goals should be set on what is achievable.”
7) ‘the + 비교급’의 도치
61. The more one has, the more one wants.
62. The more I can, the more I spend.
63. The harder we study, the more ignorant we find ourselves.
64. The higher we rise, the colder it becomes.
65. The higher we go up, the colder the air becomes.
66. The higher we go up, the colder becomes the air.
67. The sooner I try to finish this book, the more difficult it becomes.
8)
68. The time will surely come when his words will come true.
69. A rumor spread that a mad dog was roaming the country.
70. Those are happy who are always in good health.
9) 부사(there, here)의 도치
71. There are many books on the table.
72. There lived a maid named Annebel Lee in a kingdom by the sea.
73. There they come!
74. There will be a change in the weather.
75. There has been plenty of sunshine this winter.
76. There can be no doubt about it.
77. There used to be a school there.
78. There's much to be said for it.
79. He has read as many books as there are to read at his age.
80. We do all the work (that) there was to do.
81. That's all there is to it.
82. There came a time when we attack the enemy.
83. There appeared to be no one in the house.
84. There seems (to be) no room for doubt.
85. There stands a church on the hill.
86. There occurred a riot.
87. There took place a splendid banquet.
88. Here and there over the grass stood beautiful flower
10) 보어의 도치
89. Happy are those who are always in good health.
= Those are happy who are always in good health.
= Those who are always in good health are happy.
90. Happy is the man who can say that he is contented with his life.
91. Happy are those who know the pleasure of doing good and making all people happy around.
92. Great was his joy when he heard the news of their success.
93. So great was his surprise that he could not speak for a while.
94. Blessed are the poor in heart.
95. Tender is the night.
96. Close to this chair was a wet handkerchief.
97. So innocent was he that everybody liked him.
= So great was his innocence that everybody liked him.
= Such was his innocence that everybody liked him.
= His innocence was such that everybody liked him.
= His innocence was so great that everybody liked him.
98. Seriously wounded they came back.
99. Machines have made possible the mass production of all kinds of goods.
100. Language makes possible the exchange of among men.
11) 부사(구)의 도치
101. Down he fell.
Down fell the man.
102. Here it comes.
Here comes the bus.
103. Away it flew.
Away flew the bird.
104. Down came the rain in torrent.
105. Well do I remember his name.
106. Little did I dream that I should never see her again.
107. Little did they expect that their friend would return safe and sound.
108. Only in the event of fire is this exit to be used.
109. Behind the clouds is the sun still shining.
110. So well did he fulfill the duties that he was complimented by his employers.
111. Only slowly did he begin to understand the whole situation.
112. On the table beside me burned a lamp, and near it lay a little box.
113. On his left sits his wife, who, dressed in black, is beautiful and pale as wax.
114. On this depends his fate.
115. In the house just opposite ours, dwelt three spinsters.
116. Her hair was almost pure auburn. With it went dark beautiful eyes.
(그녀의 머리카락은 거의 완전한 황갈색이었다. 그와 동시에 아름다운 눈은 검은색이 되어갔다.)
117. With the development of science, the pace of life grows swift.
118. In vain did he try to persuade her.
119. When I got to the town, down came the rain with a cap of thunder.
120. Into the valley ran swiftly a beast whose name was unknown to us.
121. To our country and brethren we must devote ourselves.
122. Without air, food, water and liberty we cannot exist.
123. Not till years afterwards was he able to understand it.
124. Never have I seen such a wonderful sight.
125. To none but the wise can wealth bring happiness.
126. Not until this morning did he know the fact.
127. Never before has the financial world experienced such a heavy depression.
128. Never before had she looked so charming and so lovely.
129. Not only does she read English, but (also) she speaks it very fluently.
= She not only reads English, but (also) she speaks it very fluently
130. Not a word did he say in my favour.
131. Not till years afterwards was he able to see her.
132. Not for years has the country been favoured with so fine an April.
133. Not until the dawn began to appear did I fell asleep.
(동이 틀기 시작할 때까지 잠자리에 들지 못했다.) (동이 틀고 나서야 잠자리에 들었다.)
= It was not until the dawn began to appear that I fell asleep.
= Only after the dawn began to appear did I fell asleep.
= It was only after the dawn began to appear that I fell asleep.
= The dawn began to appear before I fell asleep.
= I didn't fall asleep until the began to appear.
134. No sooner had he got acquainted with her than he fell in love with her.
= As soon as he got acquainted with her, he fell in love with her.
= Directly he got acquainted with her, he fell in love with her.
Immediately
The moment
The instant
The minute
= Scarcely had he got acquainted with her when he fell in love with her.
12) 목적어의 도치
135. What he has once heard he never forgets.
= He never forgets what he has once heard.
136. What I am today I owe to my mother.
137. What I did I did in honour.
138. What you cannot afford to buy, you must do without.
(네가 살 수 없는 것은 없이 지내야 한다.)
139. What must be done you must do well.
140. What would be the outcome of the contest nobody knew.
141. What he gave his mind to he mastered.
142. This book I am going to read.
143. The mountain we are going to climb.
145. Not a word did she say all day long.
146. No mercy did the cruel Shylock show.
3. 생략 (Ellipsis), 공통 (Common Relation)
1)
147. Boys play baseball, and girls (play) tennis.
148. (I wish you) a Good morning.
149. Come tomorrow if you want to (come tomorrow).
150.“Is he coming?”“I'm afraid (that he is) not (coming).”
151. Some people go to the mountain, others (go) to the seaside.
152. He likes you better than (he likes) me.
153. He is younger than I (am).
154. To some life is pleasure, to others (life is) suffering.
155. He went to the country, because he wanted to (go to the country).
156. She seems to be happy, as she used to be (happy).
157. The sun shines in the daytime and the moon (shines) at night.
158. Hate breeds hate; violence, violence.
159. If he asks, I shall it; if not, not.
160. There is no accounting for tastes; to some, reading is pleasure, and to others, (reading is) suffering.
161. The poorest boy can be a true gentleman, and the poorest girl (can be) a true lady.
162. Lost wealth may be regained industry and economy, lost knowledge (may be regained) by study, lost health (may be regained) by temperance and medicine, but lost time is gone forever.
163. To err is human, to forgive (is) divine.
164. (If a man is) Out of sight, (he will go) out of mind.
165. His movement then was as swift as a lion's (movement).
166. No smoking (is allowed).
167. No parking (is allowed).
168. (It is) So much for today. (오늘은 이만 하겠다.)
169. (If you take) No pains, (you will get) no gains!
170. (If there are) So many men, (there are) so many minds.
(사람도 가지, 마음도 가지가지)
171. (This area) is Off limits. ⇔ On limits (출입자유)
172. (This article is) Not for sale. (비매품임)
173. (This is) Under repairs. (수리중임)
174. (Keep your) Hands off! (손대지 마시오!)
175. (I shall) See you again.
2)
176. When (he was) asked his opinions, he remained silent.
177. While (he was) reading a book, he fell asleep.
178. Don't make any noise while (you are) eating.
179. Though (he was) poor, he was happy.
180. If (she is) invited to the party, she is sure to come.
181. Campers will be arrested, if (they are) found in this vicinity.
182. They marched slowly as if (they were) worn out.
183. Even tigers can be tamed if they are taken when (they are) young.
184. Insert commas wherever (they are) needed.
185. Come with me, if (it is) possible.
186. I will come, if (it is) necessary.
187. The girl (who is) playing the piano is my niece.
188. The book (which is) written in English is mine.
189. The painting (that is) on the wall is a wedding present.
190. He is a pianist (who has just) returned from France.
3)
191. What (shall I do) if he doesn't come!
192. What (shall I do) if she refuses!
193. What (does it matter) if he die?
194. What (would happen) if he should fail?
195. What (would happen) if you should die!
196. What (would become of us) if there were no air!
197. What (would happen) if the earth were to stop its rotating motion?
198. If my mother should see!
(What shall we do if my mother should see?)
199. If only she arrives in time!
(If only she arrives in time, I should be pleased.)
120. My father might have made a fortune.
(My father might have made a fortune if he had wanted to.)
121. Had I known it!
(How happy I should have been if I had known it!)
122. Would you mind my smoking here (if it were possible)?
123. Could you call me up again (if it were possible)?
124. Might I read this novel (if you allowed me to)?
125. He opened his mouth as if (he were going) to talk.
126. (If one is) Out of sight, (one is) out of mind.
127. One more false step, and you are a dead man.
(If you take one more false step, you are a dead man.)
128. A man of sense would not do such a thing.
(If he were a man of sense, he would not do such a thing.)
129. A pin might have been heard.
(If a pin had dropped, it might have been heard.)
130. With gun, we could defeat the enemy.
(If we had guns, we could defeat the enemy.)
131. With a little more industry, he would not have been so poor.
(If he had had a little more industry, he would not have been so poor.)
132. Without water, no living things could live.
But for
Save for
Except for
If it were not for
Were it not for
(= If there were no water, no living things could live.)
133. Without your help, he might have died.
But for
Save for
Except for
If it had not been for
Had it not been for
(= If there had not been your help, he might have died.)
134. I would not do such a thing in your place.
(I would not do such a thing if I were in your place.)
135. (It) Sounds a little funny to you, doesn't it?
136. (Are you) Doing well in New York, Jimmy?
137. (You aren't) Going quietly, are you?
138. (Why) Do you take a bus when you should walk?
139. Why (do you) not let him save his face?
4)
140. Breakfast (being) over, she flew out of the room.
141. (Being) An orphan at five, he was reared by his uncle.
142. (Being) Written in English, the book is very popular.
= As the book is written in easy English, it is very popular.
143. (Having been) defeated many times, they ran away.
= After they had been defeated many times, they ran away.
144. (Being) Angry at my words, he made no reply.
145. Dinner (being) over, he went out for a walk.
146. (Being) An expert, he knows how to do it.
147. (Being) Dirty cowards, they dared not do so.
148. (Being) Taken by surprise, he did not lose his presence of mind.
149. (Having been) Born in better times, he would have been a great scholar.
= If he had been born in better times, he would have been a great scholar.
5)
150. He used to walk along the shore (with a) pipe in (his) mouth.
151. He walked along the street limping (with a) stick in (his) hand.
152. He stood there, his eyes (being) closed (by him).
= He stood there, closing his eyes.
= He stood there, with his eyes closed.
= He stood there, having his eyes closed.
= He stood there, and he closed his eyes.
= He stood there, and his eyes were closed by him.
= His eyes (being) closed (by him), he stood there.
= With his eyes closed, he stood there.
153. He was standing still, her eyes (being) fixed on his back.
= He was standing still with her eyes fixed on his back.
6)
154. I know (that) she is pretty.
155. My opinion is (that) he really doesn't understand you.
156. I know the fact (that) the outlook is not very bright.
(나는 전망이 그리 밝지 못하다는 사살을 알고 있다.)
157. The book taught me (that) I must study hard.
158. Experience teaches us (that) our powers are limited.
159. This is the man (whom) I met in the park.
160. He is not the man (that) he used to be.
161. I'm not the fool (that) you thought me.
162. There is somebody (who) wants you on the phone. (주격관계대명사)
163. There is a boy (who) wants to see you. (주격관계대명사)
164. It is you (that) told it to him. (주격)
165. It's the only one (that) there is in the shop.
(관계대명사 절속에 there is[are]가 있을 때)
166. He is one of the greatest scientists (that) there are in Korea.
167. Who was it (that) called me up last night?
7)
168. Besides, he gives her absolutely everything (that) she wants that he can afford.
169. He was the only person (that) I have ever met who never thought of himself.
8) 공통
170. Work with, and not against, the nature.
171. We cannot live by and for ourselves.
172. The public games of Greece consisted in athletic contests of various kinds, generally connected with and forming a part of a religious festival.
173. His energy is not and cannot be what it is.
174. Oxygen purifies, and bad air taints, the blood.
175. He always blames, and never praises, his pupils.
176. He does not have, or has never had, anyone to love him.
177. Politeness is to do and to say the kindest thing in the kindest way.
178. I have long wanted, and have just bought the book.
179. Passions weaken, but habits strengthen, with age.
180. A man of virtue and not of wealth, deserves our respect.
181. Government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth.
182. Education means development, not only of the brain, but also of the body.
183. The person who is rich, but who is not healthy, can never be happy.
184. Is there anything that you want that you have not?
185. There is no one that we know who can do such a thing.
186. Speech is, or ought to be, silvern[silver], but silence is golden.
187. Man is the master, and not the servant of his destiny.
▶ He didn't attend the meeting but (he) sent his assistant (to it).
188. She went home and finished her homework.
189. We can, and indeed must help the poor.
190. Water turns into ice at 0℃, and into steam at 100℃.
191. The hotel bus brings visitors from, and takes them back to, the airport.
192. My sister, not my mother, went with me.
193. John dislikes and Mary loves the dog.
▶ He is not and will not be what he used to be.
194. He felt and looked very pleased.
195. She is, and will be, beautiful.
196. The pen may be a surer, but the tongue is a nicer instrument.
197. If I see a girl weeping, wish to say something helpful and cannot think of useful expression, to place a hand on her shoulder may be enough to communicate what she will feel as a good deal of sympathy.
4. 삽입 (Parenthesis)
1)
198. We know, however, that he would fail.
199. You can easily imagine, therefore, how glad I was of his success.
200. The choice, though, is a matter of taste.
201. He was, indeed, a good boy.
202. His failure is, after all, due to his negligence.
203. This man, in my opinion, is the most reliable person that I have ever met.
204. At one time, at the beginning of history, mankind probably spoke one language.
2)
205. He lost his money, and what was worse, his life.
206. She is beautiful, and what is still better, clever.
207. The country is no longer what it was twenty years ago.
3)
208. He is, I believe, a great statesman.
209. He is a millionaire, I am told.
210. I dare say they seem to be scholars.
211. Did intelligent people, he asked himself, do things like that?
212. You will, I am sure, agree with me very soon.
= I am sure (that) you will agree with me very soon.
= You will agree with me very soon, I'm sure.
213. His opinion, it seems to me, is not worth considering.
214. History, it has been said, is the science of the future. In other words, if we want to control our future and direct it towards desirable ends, our main hope must be to study the past in order to learn what we can about how society develops, and apply to our time the lessons thus gained.
215. Of the many wonders of nature, so familiar that they pass almost unnoticed, water is one.
216. All the books that I have, they are indeed few, shall be at your disposal.
4)
217. How old do you think she is?
218. What do you imagine will happen tomorrow?
5)
219. She is a girl who I know is proficient in English.
210. This is the book which everybody thinks is very interesting.
211. The man who I thought was my friend deceived me.
212. I met with a man who I thought was your uncle.
213. It seems that parts of the ocean that we thought never could be polluted are being polluted.
6)
214. I was offended - no, enraged would be more accurate - by his actions.
215. We have never seen in our own generation - indeed, the world has not seen more than once or twice in all the course of history - a literature which has exercised such prodigious influence over the minds of men, over every cast and shade of intellect, as that which emanated from Rousseau between 1749 and 1762. (Sir Henry)
216. The world is worth nothing, after such a death, says Sannazaro (and God knows how many times the same thing had been said before!) (Mario Praz)
7)
217. That cottage, (being) seen from a distance, looks like a rock.
218. These books, compared with others, seem to be cheap.
219. The French are, generally speaking, a thrifty people.
220. The robber, seeing the policeman, ran away.
212. He, seeing the policeman, ran away. (False)
212-1. It means that he seeks to get an idea across to readers using as few words as possible - but striving for the greatest effect.
8)
213. My brother, who is in college, does not have to go back until September.
214. This fountain pen, which I bought two month ago, leaks badly.
215. The boy, who was honest, was loved by everybody.
9)
216. You can, if you like, take it home.
217. You may say, if you like, I am ambitious.
218. Shakespeare, as everybody knows, is a great dramatist.
219. He is, as I told you before, a very clever boy.
220. This is, as far as I know, the whole truth.
221. There is little, if any, hope.
222. Things are, if anything, improving.
223. True greatness has little, if anything, to do with rank and power.
224. He is, as it were, a sleeping lion. (말하자면, 즉, 다른 말로)
so to say
so to speak
what is called
what people called
what you called
what they called
what we called
in other words
as it is called
as people call it
as we call it
as you call it
as they call it
that is
that is to say
namely
incidentally
cf) He is a so-called sleeping lion. (소위, 이른바)
225. His character was, so to speak, all loyalty and patriotism.
226. The newspaper is, so to speak, the eyes and ears of society.
cf) Everything would be all right if we could pay him. As it is we must ask you for help.
1. 그러나 실제로는 (in reality, really)
2. 있는 그대로
The situation is bad enough as it is.
You have too many friends as it is.
State the facts as they are.
As it is, I cannot pay you.
5. 강조 (Emphasis)
1)
227. I do know his name.
228. Who did break the window?
229. When he does speak, he always speaks to the point.
230. She did come at last.
231. Do be silent.
2)
232. This is the very book I have been looking for.
233. This is the very thing I want!
234. You're the very man I want to see.
235. At that very moment the phone rang.
236. He knows our very thoughts.
237. The very idea of being sent abroad delighted him.
238. It was in this very room that the tragedy took place.
239. The Nile is the very life of Egypt.
240. His very servants made fun of him.
241. On that very day
242. under your very eyes
3)
243. Why on earth are you weeping?
244. What on earth do you mean? (도대체 무슨 말이냐? = 도대체 뭐라 카노?)
in the world
the devil
245. How in the world did you do it?
246. Who the devil is he?
247. Why in time don't you come?
248. Do you believe it at all?
249. Who ever can it be?
250. Is there any chance whatever?
4)
251. He is not happy at all.
in the least.
whatever.
by any means.
a bit.
252. I know nothing whatever about it.
253. I was not surprised in the least.
254. These goods are not satisfactory by any means.
= These goods are by no means satisfactory.
255. You must not yield to any temptation on any account.
= You must on no account yield to any temptation.
256. Don't leave the baby alone on any account.
5)
257. Horses can run much faster than dogs.
258. This flower is even prettier than that.
259. He himself has done the work.
260. She is beauty itself.
261. The car was running at the highest speed possible.
262. He tried every means imaginable.
263. I came, I saw, I conquered
6) 이유강조
264. Living as I do in a remote village, I rarely have visitors.
265. Standing as it does near the lake, the house has a fine prospect.
267. Hidden as it was among the trees, the tomb was not easily found.
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