8. 완료 (the perfect tense)
현재완료 - 완료, 경험, 계속, 결과 (have + p.p. / has + p.p.)
①다했다 ②한 적이 있다 ③해왔다(상태, 반복, 습관적으로) ④해버렸다
☞ 동작의 계속은 진행형으로
1. I have just finished my homework.
just, already, yet, now, by this time, recently(현재나 완료에), ⋯
2. I have never seen such a pretty bird.
ever, never, often, sometimes, once, twice, before, ⋯
3. He has been sick since last week.
← He was sick last week, and he is still sick.
since, for, from, How long ∼ ?, till, ⋯
4. He has lost his watch. have lost, have gone to, have taken, ⋯
← He lost his watch, so he don't have the watch now.
← He lost his watch, and he hasn't found it yet.
He has been taken with her beauty. (그는 그녀의 아름다움에 넋을 잃어 버렸다.)
have[has]-had-had
see[sees]-saw-seen
finish[finishes]-finished-finished
be-am[are, is]-was[were]-been
lose[lu:z] [loses[lu:ziz]]-lost[lɔ(:)st]-lost
come[comes]-came-come
know[knows]-knew-known
meet[meets]-met-met
go[goes]-went-gone
read [rí:d] [reads [redz]] - read [red] - read [red]
▶ 다음 문장들 중에서 현재완료 문장은 완료, 경험, 계속, 결과를 구분하라.
1. He has just come back home.
2. He came just now. (과거)
3. He has not arrived yet.
4. He has already arrived.
5. Have you met my sister yet?
6. I have now finished it.
7. I have known her since she was a child.
8. He has been sick since last year.
9. She has lived in Jisan-dong for two years.
▶ For centuries, the Chinese have observed that some animals behave in unusual ways right before an earthquake.
10. I have known her from a child.
11. I have never met her.
12. Have you ever seen a tiger?
13. I have read the Bible once.
14. I have met him before.
15. I have seldom gone to the library.
16. He has lost his watch.
17. He has gone to America.
18. I have been to America twice. (경험)
19. I have been to the station to see him off. (완료)
20. I have ever been in London. (경험)
21. I have been in the room all day long. (계속)
22. How long have you lived in Seoul?
23. It is two years since I saw Jane.
= It has been two years since I saw Jane.
= I haven't met Jane for two years.
= I have not seen Jane for two years.
= Two years have passed since I saw Jane.
= I saw Jane two years ago.
24. Father has been working this evening.
← Father began to work at ten o'clock, and he is still working now.
I have read the book.
I have been reading the book.
I have been waiting for an hour.
25. 다음 우리말을 영작한 것 중 잘못된 것은?
'그는 5년 전에 죽었다.'
① It is five years since he died.
② He has been dead for five years.
③ He died five years ago.
④ He is dying for five years.
⑤ Five years have passed since he died.
26. 다음 두 문장을 현재완료를 사용하여 한 문장으로 만드시오.
① I started learning English three years ago. I still learns English.
➜
② I lost my pencils. So I don't have them now.
➜
27. 다음을 읽고 빈칸에 알맞은 말을 쓰시오.
the beginning of this 20th century Korea has had a sad history. Korea was controlled by Japan until the end of World WarⅡ. After Japan lost the war in 1945, Korea became a free nation.
28. 다음 A의 물음에 대한 응답으로 알맞은 것을 두 개 고르면?
A : How long have you been in Korea?
B :
① Five years ago.
② Since last spring.
③ During two months.
④ After three weeks.
⑤ For about four years.
29. 다음의 문장에서 밑줄 친 부분의 쓰임이 같은 것은?
Have you ever seen a chameleon?
① I've never been abroad.
② I returned the book that I had borrowed.
③ He has gone to the station.
④ Has she finished doing her homework?
⑤ How long have you lived here?
30. 다음 우리말을 영어로 옮길 때 빈칸에 알맞은 말은?
you to America? (너는 미국에 가 본 적이 있니?)
31. 어법 상 잘못된 문장은?
① He's lived here since 1996.
② I've arrived at home now?
③ When have you met him?
④ Has he gone to Germany?
⑤ We've visited Mr. Kim before.
32. 대화의 빈칸에 알맞은 것은?
A : Have you finished your report?
B : I was too sleepy to finish it.
① Yes, I have.
② Yes, already.
③ Of course.
④ No, not yet.
⑤ No, I didn't.
▶ The spicy red Kimchi we consume today has been part of Korean culture since the 17th century.
(상태의 계속)
▶ She has been taking a bath for two hours. (동작의 계속)
▶ Alex is an artist. He has drawn many beautiful pictures in his life time. Last week he drew a beautiful mountain scene. (계속 같은 경험)
▶ I have known her since she was a child. (상태의 계속)
▶ He has been studying English for ten years. (동작의 계속)
▶ He has been writing a novel for two months. (동작의 계속)
⇨ 완료진행은 어느 한 시점을 기준으로 해서 그 이전부터 그 때까지 동작이 한동안 계속되어 왔고, 또 그 후에도 동작이 계속될 가능성이 있는 것이다. 따라서 진행형을 쓸 수 없는 동사는 완료형을 써서 계속을 나타내며, 진행형을 쓸 수 있는 동사는 완료진행으로 동작의 계속을 나타내게 되는 것이다.
▶ You have been driving all night. I had been working for two hours when she came to see.
▶ At the end of next month, she will have been taking lessons in piano for seven years.
▶ 완료에 대한 보다 상세한 내용
I had been waiting for an hour when he returned.
I shall have been reading this novel by noon.
A : Where have you been?
B : I have been looking for everywhere.
Practical English Usage by Michael Swan - p.626∼637
1. The meaning of the present perfect tenses
➜ We've known each other for a long time. (=We're old friends.)
➜ Have you read 'Romeo and Juliet'? (=Do you know 'Romeo and Juliet'?)
➜ Some fool has let the cat in. (=The cat is in.)
➜ I've been working all day. (and I'm tired out.)
➜ I've been waiting for three quarters of an hour.
➜ I've studied human nature all my life.
2. Actions and situations continuing up to the present (계속)
➜ I've lived in Greece since 1976. (or I've been living in Greece since 1976.)
➜ We've known each other for a long time. (Not : We know other for a long time.)
➜ A : You look hot. B : I've been running.
➜ She's worked here since 1948.
➜ She's worked here for 35 years.
➜ It's been raining non-stop since Tuesday.
➜ It's been raining non-stop for three days.
➜ I've been reading some of your poetry. It's not bad.
➜ I've painted two rooms since lunchtime.
➜ A : You look hot. B : I've been running.
3. A series of actions repeated up to the present (경험)
➜ I've often wondered where she gets her money.
➜ We've been seeing a lot of Henry and Diana recently.
➜ I've written six letters today.
4. Finished actions and events (완료, 결과) (과거에 일어난 사건이 현재 어떤 중요성을 지닐 때)
➜ The president has been assassinated. (=The president is dead.)
➜ Utopia has declared war on Fantasia. (=Utopia and Fantasia are at war.)
➜ I can't go on holiday because I've broken my leg. (=My leg is broken.)
➜ I've been all over Africa. (=I know Africa well.)
➜ I've spoken to the boss about my holiday.
➜ Fire has broken out on board an oil tanker in the North Sea.
➜ According to latest reports, government forces have pushed back the rebels and retaken the town.
➜ I'm delighted to tell you that you've passed your exam.
➜ Mary's had her baby. It's a boy.
➜ I can't go on holiday because I've broken my leg.
➜ A : Where's Mary? B : She has just gone out. (영국영어)
(경험, 지식의 일부로써 ‘우리 뇌리에 남아있는’과거의 동작)
➜ I've travelled a lot in America. (= I know America.)
➜ Have you read 'War and Peace'? (= Do you know 'War and Peace'?)
➜ I've never had scarlet fever. (So I can still get it.)
(동작 완료, 결과 - 현재완료)
➜ I've read your book. (=I've finished it.)
➜ I've learnt my irregular verbs all afternoon. (=I know them.)
➜ I've painted two rooms since lunchtime.
(활동의 계속성 강조 - 현재완료진행)
➜ I've been reading your book. (=I haven't finished it.)
➜ I've been learning irregular verbs all afternoon.
➜ Sorry about the mess. I've been painting the house.
(temporary actions and situations 일시적 행동과 상황- 현재완료진행)
➜ I've been living in Sally's flat for the last month.
➜ That man's been standing on the corner all day.
➜ She's been lying in bed all day.
➜ I haven't been working very well recently.
(permanent actions and situations - 현재완료)
➜ My parents have lived in Bristol all their lives.
➜ The castle has stood above the town for nine hundred years.
➜ For centuries the village of Little Barble has lain undisturbed beneath the brooding shadow of the Black Hills.
➜ He hasn't worked for years.
(진행시제로 쓰이지 않는 동사)
➜ I haven't known Philip for long. (Not : I haven't been knowing ┅)
➜ We'd had our new car for three days. (Not : We've been having ┅)
1. 존재 - be, exist, consist in, ┅
2. 감정 - love, hate, like, dislike, respect, fear, ┅
3. 인지 - know, remember, forget, believe, understand, see, hear, feel, smell, taste, sound, think, ┅
4. 소유 - have, possess, own, keep, belong, ┅
5. 상태 - resemble, equal, differ, look, seem, appear, consist of, ┅
6. 필요 - need, want, ┅
7. 계속 - continue, last, ┅
8. 동작 - sit, stand, ┅
9. 능력 - enable, disable, ┅
(과거 발생된 뚜렷한 시간(definite time)을 말하는 경우 - 과거)
➜ I spoke to the boss today about my holiday. (Not : I've spoken ┅)
➜ The president was assassinated last night.
➜ Utopia declared war on Fantasia at eight o'clock this morning.
(현재 아무런 중요성이 없는 과거의 사건 - 과거)
➜ Lincoln was assassinated for political reasons. (Not : Lincoln has been assassinated ┅)
➜ Some people think that Shakespeare travelled a lot in Germany. (Not : ┅ has travelled ┅)
READING of Perfect Tense
1. The United Nations has estimated that more than half of the world's tropical forests have disappeared since 1950.
2. The search for alternative energy is nothing new, but the current crop of innovators is focusing on the long-elusive goal of making clean and sustainable power a mainstream commodity. For example, the fuel cell - which extracts electricity from the chemical reaction between oxygen and hydrogen - has been around for about 150 years, though its commercial deployment did not begin until the 1960s and then only as part of NASA spacecraft.
*crop[krɑp / krɔp] n. 수확; 농작물, (특히) 곡물; (일시에 모이는 물건·사람 등의) 한 떼, 무리, 다수
3. The only route to greater knowledge is through education and training that allow us to take full advantage of the technologies we now possess. Knowledge, as much as capital and sweat, has become an essential factor for production.
4. The shortage of food was only the beginning of the problem. When other countries began to attribute food, it could not always be used up fast enough. Doctors discovered that some children had forgotten how to eat because they had done without food for so long. Both children and adults had problems digesting food after so much time without it.
5. For eight years I've been sitting here. I've drunk gallons of terrible coffee, eaten tons of green hot dogs and salty popcorn. I've endured cold and heat, wind and rain. Some people may wonder why a sane person would go through this. It's not because I want to fulfill my dream of excelling at sports through my kids. Also, I'm not doing this for the emotional highs. Oh, yes, I've had some. I've seen my two sons score winning goals in soccer, hit home runs in baseball, and spark come-from-behind wins in basketball. I've seen them make some incredible leaping catches in football. But mostly I've seen heartache. I've waited with them for that phone call telling them they'd made the team. But the call never came. I've watched coaches yell at them. I've watched them sit on the bench game after game. I've sat in emergency rooms as broken bones were set and swollen ankles X-rayed. I've sat here year after year observing it all and wondering why.
