4. 대명사 (Pronoun)

대명사                                                                                                                                                                    

I. 인칭대명사 : I, my, me, you, your, she, her, he, his, him, it, its, it, we, our, us, they, their, them.

2. 소유대명사 : mine, yours, his, ours, theirs.

3. 지시대명사 : this, these, that, those, such, ┅

4. 부정대명사 : some, any, none, all, each, other, another, one, both, either, neither, ┅

5. 의문대명사 : who, whose, whom, which, what

6. 재귀 대명사 : myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves.

7. 관계대명사 : who, whose, whom, which, what, as, than, but.

 

▶ It 

1. He kindly helped me and I shall never forget it.

    Do you like eggs? Yes, I like it. (eggs는 계란 전체를 대표하는 말이므로 them으로 받지 않고 it로 받는다.)

    She's expecting another baby and hopes that it will be a boy. (중성)

    Go and see who it is. - It's the post-man. (성별을 모르는 경우 - 중성취급)

    The baby cried itself to sleep.

 

2. It is natural for you to think so.

    It's a lot of fun playing chess.

    It's a shame (that) you can't come to our party.

    It looks as if he isn't sorry at all.

 

3. I find it absurd to spend money on it.

    He made it clear that it was impossible for him to do so.

    I'll see (to it) that you have a raise after the first year.

    You may depend upon it that he'll keep his promise.

 

4. It was warm and lovely that day. (날씨)

    It was quite dark in the room. (명암)

    It is a quarter to eleven o'clock. (시각)

    It is summer now. (계절)

    It is only a few minutes' walk. (거리)

    It is a stone's throw from here. (거리)

    It was quiet around the cottage. (분위기)

    The more we get together, the merrier it will be. (분위기)

 

5. How goes it with you? (어떻게 지네니?)

    It was all over with me? (끝장이다.)

    If it were not for water, nothing could live. (┅이 없다면: without ┅=but for ┅)

    That is the way it goes. (세상일이 다 그런 거지)

    As it happened, I left the book at home. (공교롭게)     

    Bob is at an entire loss when it comes to mechanics. (┅의 이야기∙문제라 하면, ┅와 관련지으면, ┅와 관련하여)

                   at a loss (난처하여, 어쩔 줄 몰라서, 쩔쩔매어)

    We must fight it out. (승부가 날 때까지 끝가지 싸우다)

    You have to make it. (너는 해내야한다.)

    I couldn't help it. (어쩔 수 없었다.)

    Take it easy. (1. 진정해라. 2. 걱정 마. 3. 서두르지 마라. 4. 잘 가. 5. 천천히 해라.)

    Go it! Hook it! Out with it! (이겨라!, 도망쳐라!, 이실직고 하렸다!)

    Hang it! Confound it! Damn it! (뒈져라!, 망할 것!, 제기랄![빌어먹을])

    Depend upon it. See to it. (틀림없이[꼭], 보살펴라[유의해라])

    Lord it. (군림 하소서)

    Fight it out. (끝까지 싸워라.)

    We had a good time of it. (즐거웠다)

    We had a bad time of it. (괴로웠다)

 

6. He bought the book at that store yesterday.

    It was he that[who] bought the book at that store yesterday.

    It was the book that[which] he bought at that store yesterday.

    It was at that store that[where] he bought the book yesterday.

    It was yesterday that[when] he bought the book at that store.

 

    It was not until I called on him that he woke up.

    = He didn't wake up until I called on him.

    = Not until I called on him did he wake up.

 

    Where is it that you have been all this while?

    = Where have you been all this while?

    How was it that she came by that stamp?

    = How did she come by that stamp?

 

7. I bought a novel and lent it to him. 

    I tried to persuade him but I found it impossible.

    She is a liar and I know it well.

 

▶ It isn't what you have or who you are or where you are doing that makes you happy or unhappy. It is what you think about it. 

 

▶ We need to see that it is circumstances that are different and that our increased workloads put too much pressure upon us. 

 

▶ It is only when they are gone and we never see them that we find that they and we are indivisible. 

 

▶ What is it (that) makes people grumble about the crowded Tubes and swear (that) they will never travel underground again if they can help it? 

 

▶ It is only when we are not content with things as they are that we decide that something must be done to improve them.

 

 

▶ this, that 

1. The price of that book is higher than that of this one. (=the one)

    The ears of a rabbit are longer than those of a cat.

 

▶ This discovery has stirred up a lot of excitement among experts throughout the world because these rocks contain chemicals similar to those found on earth and in our own bodies.

 

2. You must help her, and that at once.

    To be or not to be: that is the question.

 

3. The question is this: who bells the cat?

    I will say this : time can't be replaced with anything.

4. Do that which you believe is right.

    Heaven helps those who help themselves. (∼한 사람들)

5. That's why he didn't come.

    That's where I found the lost themselves.

6. Health is above wealth; this can't give so much happiness as that.

    Dogs are more faithful than cats; these attach themselves to places, and those to persons.

7. I know this much.

    I can't walk that far.

8. This book is very instructive.

    How beautiful that girl is!

9. That's it. = That's the point.

    At this, she turned pale. (이것을 보고[듣고])

    With this, he went out of the room. (이렇게 말하고)

    Some say this, and some say that.

    I want to study English these three years. (=next three years)

    I have studied English these three years. (최근 3년동안=for the past three years=last three years)

    I met her this day week. (지난주 오늘)

    I want to meet her this day week. (내주 오늘)

 

▶ such 

1. I may have offended you, but such was not my intention.

    If you are a gentleman, you should behave as such.

2. Habits are easily formed - especially such as are bad.

    You may take from the books such as you need.

3. He is such a liar. (대단한)

    He was in such a hurry. (몹시)

4. Great poets such as Milton and Keats are rare.

    I like such fruits as apples and pears.

5. He is such an honest man as everyone likes.

    He is such an honest man that everyone likes him.

6. His honesty is such that everyone likes him.

    His honesty is so great that everyone likes him.

7. Such being the case, their arrival was not made public. (사정이 그러하므로)

   = As such was the case, their arrival was not made public.

8. My experience, such as it is, is at your disposal. (보잘 것은 없지만)

    My abilities, such as they are, are at your service.

9. such and such a person (그렇고 그런 사람)

       in such and such a place

       and such like = and so on = and so forth = and the like

10. His attitude was such as to disgust me. (그의 태도는 나를 정 떨어지게 할 정도였다.)

11. Wealth as such doesn't matter much. (such as = in itself)

 

▶ so 

1. A : Will he come here soon?

B : I think so. / I hope so. (that he will come here soon) (목적어로 쓰이는 대명사적 용법)

     I'm afraid not. / I hope not.

2. It is broken and has long been so. (형용사를 대신하는 보어로서)

    He fell ill and remained so for a month.

 

3. The manager was out, (and) so I left a message with his secretary.

    He read the paragraph several times so that any mistake might be detected.

 

4. A : I am tired. B : So am I. (=I am tired, too.=Me, too.=I am also tired.)

5. A : You are tired. B : So I am. (=I am indeed tired.)

6. A : I am not tired. B : Neither am I. (=Nor am I.=I am not tired, either.=Me, neither.)

7. So what? (그래서 어쨌다는 거야?, 그래서)

    and so on = and so forth = and such like = and the like

8. so to speak = so to say = as it were = what you call = what is called (말하자면, 소위)

 

 

▶ same 

1. The same is true of you and your family.

2. It is the same with other rules.

3. Each received the same.

4. "Key" and "quay" are pronounced the same.

5. He bought the same book at the same store. (형용사)

6. (The) Same again, please.

7. This is the same camera as I have. (형용사)

cf) This is the same camera that I have.

8. He gave her the same answer that[as] I did. (형용사)

9. He has a few faults, but all the same I like him. (그는 몇 가지 결점이 있지만, 그래도 나는 그를 좋아한다.)

10. It's all the same to me whether he comes or not. (그가 오든, 안 오든 나와는 상관없다.)

11. A : A Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year!

B : Thew same to you.

 

 

▶ one 

1. (총 인칭의 용법 - We, They, You)

   One should keep one's word.

   One should obey one's parents.

   One should take care of oneself.

   One must do his duty. (美語) (=One must do one's duty.)

   One should do what he must even if he is unwilling to do. (美語)

 

2. (같은 종류이나, 다른 물건일 때)

   If you need a book, I will lend you one.

        cf) I bought a book, but I lost it. (바로 그 물건을 가리킬 때)

   A : Have you ever seen a tiger? B : Yes, I have seen one.

        I haven't any stamps. Will you please give me one?

            cf) Where is my book? Have you seen it?

 

3. (성질형용사[지시형용사] + one[ones])

   Your plan is a good one on paper.

   His story is an odd one.

   He has three rooms : One large one and two small ones.

   He has an old house and two new ones.

   I want some oranges. Give me these big ones.

         cf) If you like roses, I will give you some.

 

4. (one을 사용할 수 없는 경우)

    I like red wine better than white. (물질명사)

        cf) I like a red rose better than a white one. (보통명사)

    I like red wine better than white one. (false)

    This furniture is different from that.

    This tea is better than that.

    You must write in blue ink, not in red.

    If you need money, I will lend you some.

    I knew good luck and bad. (추상명사)

 

    Your father's house is larger than my father's. (소유격 다음 쓰지 않음)

    This bed is my own.

 

    You have three books ; I have only two. (기수, 서수 다음 쓰지 않음)

    As I have finished reading the first volume, I will read the second.

 

▶ one, other, another, others, some, 

1. I have two brothers ; One is in England, and the other in America.

    There are two roses. One is white and the other red.

    Mary has a white and a red rose ; the one is lovelier than the other. (전자 ┅, 후자 ┅)

                                          (=the former, the latter = this, that ) (전자 ┅, 후자 ┅) (후자 ┅, 전자 ┅)

⇨ one ┅, the other ┅.

    the one ┅, the other ┅.

 

2. There are three men. One is a doctor, another (is) a teacher, and the other (is) a lawyer.

    There are four flowers in the vase ; one is 'rose', another, 'tulip', a third, 'carnation' and the other is 'lily'.

 

⇨ one, another[a second], the other.

    one, another, a third, ┅ the other.

    the first, the second, the third, ┅ the last.

 

3. Some went on foot ; and others (went) by bus.

    Some people like that sort of music ; others don't.

    Here are six books ; some are mine, the others are hers.

    There are ten students ; some study German, and the others (study) French.

 

⇨ some, others, others, ┅, the others.  (몇몇은, 또 몇몇은, 또 몇몇은, ┅, 그리고 나머지 모두는.)

 

▶‘another‘ 네 가지 용법

1. Will you have another cup of coffee? (=one more)

    The construction work will be finished in another two weeks.

    I am going to stay another week.

 

2. I don't like this; show me another. (=different)

    From that time, he became another man.

    That's quite another matter.

 

3. If I am a fool, you are another. (=also one, a similar one)

    He is an imposter, and his son is another.

    This young man is clever; he will be another Edison.

 

4. To know is one thing and to teach is another. (아는 것과 가르치는 것은 다르다.)

    = Knowing is different from teaching.

    It is one thing to own a library ; it is quite another to use it wisely.

 

5. They were helping one another in their work. (셋 이상 서로서로)

    The boys began to blame each other. (둘 사이 서로서로)

    They looked at each other.

 

▶ some, any, none, no, all 

1. I have a lot of pencils ; if you want any, I will give you some. (몇몇, 조금)

2. A : Is there any wine left in the bottle? (몇몇, 조금)

B : No, there is not any. (어떤 ∼도, 조금도)

3. If you have any money with you, please lend me some.

4. Will you have some beer? (권유)

5. Will you lend me some money? (의뢰) = Please lend me some money.

6. Any one can do it. (어떤 ∼도)

7. We waited some twenty minutes. (=about)

8. He went to some place in Africa. (=a certain - 어떤 ∼)

9. There's somebody at the door.

    Has anybody called on me in my absence?

    There has not been anybody in this room.

    Anybody will tell you where the bus stop is.

    I saw something black in the dark.

    Is there anything interesting in today's paper?

 

⇨ some : 긍정문(어떤; 몇몇, 조금) / 의문문(권유, 의뢰, 긍정의 대답을 확인 하는 의문문)

    any : 의문문∙조건문(어떤; 몇몇, 조금)

             긍정문(어떤 ∼도), 부정문(어떤 ∼도, 어떤 ∼든지, 조금도)

 

10. He is a somebody in his own village. (상당한 사람, 중요한 사람)

      I'm afraid he will hardly be anybody. (상당한 사람, 중요한 사람)

      He thinks something of himself. (상당한 사람[것], 중요한 사람[것])

      Money is everything to him. (소중한 것)

      She keeps company with a nobody like Jack. (하찮은 존재)

 

11. None have arrived.

      None of my friends come[comes] to see me.

      None of this money is yours.

      I looked for some jam, but there was none left.

 

12. He has no brothers. (=He doesn't have any brother.)

      There are no clouds in the sky.

      He is no painter. (= He is never a painter.)

 

▶ both, either, neither, all, each      cf) every(각기 모두, 모두 각자)

    부분부정 : not … all[always, both, completely, entirely, necessarily, altogether, every]

1. I know both of them.

    I do not know both of them. (=I know one of them.=I know either of them.)

    Both of his parents are not living.

 

2. I do not know either of them. (I know neither of them.)

    Either of his parents is not living. (=Neither of his parents is living.)

 

3. I invited all of them.

    I did not invite all of them. (=I invited some of them.)

         cf) I did not invite any of them. (=I invited none of them.)

    All is not gold that glitters. (=All that glitters is not gold.)     

            참고 The rich are not always happy.

    The rich are never happy.

    Not all of the crew were completely happy.

    You are not entirely free from blame.

    The greatest minds do not necessarily ripen the quickest.

    I do not altogether agree with him.

    Not every man can be a genius. (=Every man cannot be a genius.) 누구나 다 천재가 될 수 있다고는 할 수 없다

    Such things do not happen every day. 이런 일이 언제나 일어난다고는 할 수 없다.

 

4. They are not interesting at all. (조금도, 전혀)

    If you do it at all, do it well. (기왕 ∼하면)

    Do you believe it at all? (도대체)

    I am surprised that he passed the exam at all. (어쨌든)

    There is very little, if at all. (있다손 치더라도, 극히 조금 밖에 없다.)

 

5. Everybody likes her. (각기 모두가 그녀를 마음에 들어한다.)

    Everybody does not like her. (=Somebody likes her and somebody does not like her.)

    Nobody likes her.

    Everybody cannot become an Edison.

    This is not found everywhere.

    Everyone is not polite. (=Some people are polite but others not.)

 

   #0000FF