3. 명사 (Noun)-2

A. 명사의 이용

1. 종족 대표

    A horse is a useful animal.

    = The horse is a useful animal.

    = Horses are useful animals.

    The whale is not a fish, but a mammal.

 

2. 집합명사, 군집명사

    family, jury, committee, audience, crowd, cavalry, crew, public, government, class, team, ┅

    The committee are at dinner.

    The committee meets once a week.

    The audience was a large one.

    The audience were deeply impressed.

    My family is a large one.

    There are three families in my house.

    My family are all early risers.

 

3. 군집적 집합명사 - 복수형 없음(관사 없음); 복수취급

    cattle, game, poultry, vermin, people, folk, ┅

 

    Cattle gather around grass.

 

▶ 단위 표시 :

     a herd of cattle[horses, deer]

     a flock of sheep

     a school of fish

     a school of trout

     a school of tuna

     a shoal of fish

     a shoal of salesman

 

cf) a swarm of bees[butterflies]

     a swarm of insects

     a swarm of ants

     a swarm of beggars

     a flock of geese[sheep, birds]

 

4. 집합적 물질명사 - 복수형 없음(관사 없음); 단수취급

    furniture, clothing, luggage, baggage, merchandise, produce, ┅

 

    There are many pieces of furniture in her room.

 

▶ 단위 표시 :

    a piece of furniture

    much furniture

    little luggage

    two pieces of furniture

    many pieces of furniture

    few pieces of furniture

    much clothing

    little clothing

 

 

5. Police형 집합명사 - 복수형 없음(부정관사 없음); 복수취급

    the police, the clergy, the nobility, the peasantry, the jury, ┅

 

6. 상시복수명사의 단위 표시

    a pair of trousers.

                  spectacles

                  scissors

                  shoes

                  gloves

                  stockings

                  pants

                  underpants

    three pair(s) of trousers

 

B. 명사의 전환

1. 고유명사의 보통명사화 - 관사 + 고유명사 / 고유명사+s / 고유명사+es

    1) 〜와 같은(성질∙특질의 사람)

        He is an Edison. (a great inventor like Edison)

        He is a Lincoln.

        He is the Edison of the age.

 

    2) 동일한 고유명사의 다수

        There are two Johnsons in our class.

        There are many Kims in Korea.

 

    3) 〜라는 사람(a certain) - 상대방이 모르는 사람

        A Mr. Jones wants to see you.

        A Mr. Lee called you up in your absence.

        A Mr. James came to see you this morning.

 

   4) 가문의 일원, 가족, 부부, 국민 한사람, 가문전체

       His mother is a Kennedy. (a member of Kennedy)

       The smiths entertained my father.

       The Bakers loved to entertain others.

       He is a Swiss.

       He is an Englishman.

 

   5) 작품, 제품

       He bought a Ford.

       Henry Ford died in 1947. (고유명사)

       There are two Rembrandts in the gallery.

       This is a genuine Rodin.

       A Rodin and two Miltons are hanging on the wall.

       Hamlet was written by Shakespeare. (고유명사)

       I read a Shakespeare last night.

       This museum owns a Renoir and two Goghs.

       He is the Newton of the age.

 

 

2. 추상명사의 보통명사화

    1) 구체적인 사람, 사물(〜성질의 소유자)

       She was once a beauty. (보통명사)

       We admire beauty. (추상명사)

       The beauty of the scenery is beyond description. (추상명사)

       Success depends upon our efforts. (추상명사)

       He is a success as a novelist. (보통명사)

       His plan ended in failure. (추상명사)

       He was a failure as a poet. (보통명사)

       He was a failure in art but a success in business.

       He was wild in his youth. (추상명사)

       He is an ambitious youth. (보통명사)

       Youth should respect age. (집합명사)

       He is a man of nobility. (추상명사)

       The nobility enjoyed hunting in those days. (집합명사)

       Happiness consists in contentment. (추상명사)

       I now have the happiness of being with you. (추상명사)

 

   2) 종류, 실례(구체적인 사건)

       Kindness costs nothing. (추상명사)

       He has done me a kindness. (a kind act) (보통명사)

       Success depends upon our efforts. (추상명사)

       The show was a great success. (보통명사)

       What are the Seven Wonders of the world ? (추상명사 ⇨ 보통명사 ⇨ 집합명사)

       We loved with a love that was more than love. (보통명사)

 

   3) 작품

       They teach composition at that school. (추상명사)

       He is writing a composition. (보통명사)

 

   4) 의미변화

       Time and tide wait for no man. (추상명사)

       We read newspapers in order not to be behind the times. (보통명사)

       England was in her day in the times of Queen Victoria. (보통명사)

 

 

3. 물질명사의 보통명사화

   1) 제품

       Glass is apt to break. (물질명사)

       He has a glass in his hand. (보통명사)

       There are two glasses on the table. (보통명사)

       She is dressed in silks. (보통명사)

       Iron is a useful metal. (물질명사)

       An iron is useful. (보통명사)

       paper (종이) - (물질명사)

       the paper (서류, 신문) - (보통명사)

       copper (구리) - (물질명사)

       a copper (구리제품) - (보통명사)

       a daily paper (일간지) - (보통명사)

       top-secret papers (극비문서) - (보통명사)

       state papers (공문서) - (보통명사)

       Water is turned into steam by heat. (물질명사)

       The water in this glass is not good to drink. (물질명사)

 

   2) 실례(구체적인 사건)

       There was a fire last night. (보통명사)

       Fire burns wood. (물질명사)

       A big fire broke out last night. (보통명사)

       We sat around the camp-fire. (보통명사)

 

   3) 개체(단위, 회수, 낱개)

       The bridge is built of stone. (물질명사)

       The boy picked up a stone. (보통명사)

       The sun gives us light. (물질명사)

       We saw a dim light in the distance. (보통명사)

       We had much rain last night. (물질명사)

       We had a rain last night. (보통명사)

       I like coffee but they like tea. (물질명사)

       Give us two teas and one coffee. (보통명사)

 

  4) 종류

      This closet is made of wood. (물질명사)

      Teak is a hard wood. (보통명사)

      Wine is made from grapes. (물질명사)

      This is a good wine for health. (보통명사)

      They sell various wines at that store. (보통명사)

 

4. 물질명사, 추상명사, 고유명사가 수식되어 한정되는 경우

     Water is turned into steam by heat.

     The water in this glass is not good to drink.

 

     The baby was fed on milk.

     The milk in the bottle went bad.

 

     The beauty of the scenery is beyond description.

     I now have the happiness of being with you.

 

     He is the Edison of the age.

     Korea is called the Italy of Asia.

 

5. the + 단수보통명사 - 추상명사(성질, 특성), 대표단수(종족)

    He felt the patriot rise within himself.

    The pen is mightier than the sword.

    He forget the judge in the father.

    He felt the mother rise in her at the sight.

    What is learned in the cradle is carried to the grave.

 

 

6. 추상명사의 집합명사화

    We should respect age. (aged persons, the old, old people)

    Youth should respect age.

 

7. a[an, that] + 보통명사 + of + a(an) + 명사 (┅와 같은)

    an angel of a girl (천사 같은 소녀)

    that fool of a Tom

    a lamb of a girl

    a devil of a wife

    a palace of a house

    a mountain of a wave

    that monster of a guy (that monstrous dog)

    cf) those networks of railroad

 

8. 추상명사의 관용어법

    1) of + 추상명사 = 형용사구

       a man of ability (an able man)

       a man of experience (an experienced man)

       a man of wisdom (a wise man)

       a man of learning (a learned man)

       a man of use (a useful man)

       a man of sense (a sensible man)

       a man of the world

       a man of his word

       the government of importance (important)

       the government of moment

       the government of account

       a jewel of value (=valuable)

       They are of an age (그들은 동갑이다.)